Objective The method and therapeutic effect of thyroid benign nodules were analyzed, Provide evidence for clinical practice. Methods Selected from January 2014 to January 2015 in patients with benign and malignant thyroid nodules data 600 cases were retrospectively analyzed, including 500 patients with benign nodules group, 100 cases of patients with malignant nodules group, two groups of patients with surgical method, operation effect and recurrence after surgery and adverse reactions occur, the results were statistically analyzed. Results 50 patients with benign nodules group implement simple neoplasm resection, patients with unilateral gland lobectomy in 130 cases, unilateral gland lobectomy plus isthmic resection of 100 cases of patients, 50 patients with spondylolysis resection alone, 120 patients with unilateral gland leaves much smaller, 50 patients with bilateral glands leaves much smaller; Malignant nodules group of 30 patients with implementation side gland lobectomy, 10 patients with tumor resection or glandular lobe resection, on one side of the gland lobectomy plus isthmic resection + on 20 patients with most lateral lobe resection, 20 patients with total thyroidectomy, 20 patients with combined effect a radical cure; Patients with benign nodules were significantly better than patients with malignant nodules (P<0.05), which was statistically significant. The recurrence rate of patients with benign nodules was significantly lower than that of malignant nodules (P<0.05), which was statistically significant. Patients with benign nodules were significantly lower than those in malignant nodules (P<0.05) and had statistical significance. There was no significant difference in the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in the two groups (P>0 0.05), which was not statistically significant. Conclusion In patients with benign nodules of the thyroid gland, patients with benign nodules were significantly more effective than those with malignant nodules, and the recurrence rate and low incidence rate of parathyroid glands were significantly lower than those of malignant nodules.