Objective To explore the imaging effect of posterior decompression and fixation combined with interbody cage fusion in the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis, and to provide the basis for clinical treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis. Methods Lumbar spondylolisthesis patients of our hospital in June 2013-2014 January 86 cases were retrospectively studied, according to the clinical trials of random number method patients were divided into two groups, each with 43 cases in each group, control group with decompression and internal fixation for treatment, observation group in the control group on the basis of intervertebral fusion cage for treatment observed two groups of patients were followed up for the clinical effect and radiographic results after 1 year. Results Two patients were followed for 12 months after treatment follow-up, postoperative follow-up of 12 months, two groups of patients after treatment of waist pain symptoms significantly improved compared with before treatment, and the limitation of activity was significantly reduced, but the excellent rate of observation group after treatment was 93.02%, and 90.70% in the control group were similar to the difference no statistically significant, P>0.05, the two groups of patients with vertebral height recovery of postoperative CT is normal, the degree of recovery of the two groups were similar, the difference was not statistically significant, P>0.05, were examined by CT, found that the observation group with postoperative vertebral height is similar, but the observation group was decreased significantly after operation, and P<0.05, to review CT interbody bone grafting and continuous bone beam judged as good fusion, 43 patients in observation group, 40 cases of postoperative fusion, fusion rate was 93.02%, the control group of 43 patients in 39 cases after fusion, fusion Good rate was 90.70%, compared two groups of patients with postoperative fusion rate, P>0.05. Conclusion Posterior decompression and interbody fusion in the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis with cage clinical effect is remarkable, especially in the vertebral height recovery was significantly better than simple posterior decompression and fixation, it is worthy of clinical use.