Objective To observe and analyze imaging results of vertebral pedicle wire internal fixation in the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fracture. Methods A retrospective analysis of clinical data was carried out in 74 patients with thoracolumbar burst fracture who received vertebral pedicle wire internal fixation treatment of our hospital from October 2012 to October 2014, the features of the frontal and lateral X-ray films and CT in 74 patients were reviewed before and after the treatment, accuracy of two diagnostic methods to Denis parting and diagnosis of vertebral body leading edge compression index were analyzed, difference in the changes of compression ratio of vertebral body leading edge, compression ratio of vertebral body posterior margin, cobb angle before and after the operation were compared. Results Accuracy of Denis parting diagnosis by X-ray examination 86.49% was significantly lower than CT scan (95.95%) (P<0.05), accuracy of ertebral body leading edge compression index by X-ray diagnosis 81.08% was significantly lower than CT scan (P<0.05), compression ratio of anterior-posterior vertebra body and cobb angle after vertebral pedicle wire internal fixation were significantly lower than those before the operation (P<0.05). Conclusion X-ray and CT have their own edges in thoracolumbar burst fracture examination, X-ray can display plane, range and extent of injured vertebral bodies exactly, CT examination can observe details of fracture more clearly, accuracy of combination of the two diagnostic methods is higher; imaging examination shows that injured vertebral bodies height recovery and maintain stability after vertebral pedicle wire internal fixation treatment, is an effective method in the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fracture.